Outcome Evidence

• Concentration of providers is rampant and increasing. In 2016, using the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI), 90 percent of metropolitan areas were highly or super concentrated with hospitals. These markets were also 39 percent highly concentrated for primary care providers, 65 percent for specialty physicians, and 57 percent for insurers. source & source
• The Health Care Cost Institute’s Healthy Marketplace index explores trends and finds correlation between high health care costs and increased concentration in health care providers. source